What is psychopathology?;The study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment.
What are the three criteria for defining a psychological disorder?;Distress, dysfunction, and disability.
Why is no single criterion sufficient to define a disorder?;Because each captures only part of abnormal behavior and none is always present.
What is a key limitation of using distress to define disorder?;Some disorders involve little subjective distress.
What is a key limitation of using dysfunction to define disorder?;Dysfunction can be context-dependent.
What is a key limitation of using disability to define disorder?;Not all disorders cause significant impairment.
What is the historical supernatural view of disorders?;Disorders are caused by evil spirits or demonic possession.
What was trephination used for?;Drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits.
What was the humoral theory?;Disorders are caused by imbalances in bodily fluids.
What are the four humors?;Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm.
What did Hippocrates contribute to psychopathology?;He proposed natural (biological) causes of disorders.
What was asylums’ original purpose?;Humane care for individuals with psychological disorders.
What problem developed in asylums over time?;They became overcrowded and inhumane.
What was the moral treatment movement?;An approach emphasizing humane and respectful care.
Why did moral treatment decline?;Rising patient numbers and lack of resources.
What is deinstitutionalization?;Closing psychiatric hospitals and treating patients in the community.
What is a major problem with deinstitutionalization?;Insufficient community care for severe disorders.
Where did many patients end up after deinstitutionalization?;Homelessness or prisons.
What is stigma?;Negative attitudes and beliefs leading to discrimination.
What are the four components of stigma?;Labeling, stereotyping, separation, discrimination.
Why is stigma problematic?;It reduces help-seeking and worsens outcomes.
What is the genetic contribution to disorders?;Genes can increase vulnerability to disorders.
What is the role of environment in disorders?;Environmental factors interact with genetic vulnerability.
What is the nature vs nurture debate?;The question of genetic versus environmental influences.
What is the current consensus on nature vs nurture?;Both interact in causing disorders.
What is a gene-environment interaction?;Genes influence sensitivity to environmental factors.
What is a gene-environment correlation?;Genetic factors influence exposure to environments.
What is the biological approach to disorders?;Focus on brain, neurotransmitters, and genetics.
What is a key limitation of the biological approach?;It may overlook psychological and social factors.
What is the psychodynamic approach?;Focus on unconscious processes and early experiences.
What is a key mechanism in psychodynamic theory?;Unconscious conflict.
What is a limitation of psychodynamic theory?;Difficult to test scientifically.
What is the behavioral approach?;Focus on learned behavior through conditioning.
What is a key mechanism in the behavioral approach?;Reinforcement and conditioning.
What is the cognitive approach?;Focus on maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.
What is a key mechanism in the cognitive approach?;Distorted thinking patterns.
What is the humanistic approach?;Focus on personal growth and self-actualization.
What is the main goal of humanistic therapy?;Facilitate self-development and fulfillment.
What is the biopsychosocial model?;Disorders arise from biological, psychological, and social factors.
Why is the biopsychosocial model important?;It integrates multiple levels of explanation.
What is evidence-based practice?;Treatment based on scientific evidence.
What is treatment efficacy?;Effectiveness under controlled conditions.
What is treatment effectiveness?;Effectiveness in real-world settings.
Why is efficacy often higher than effectiveness?;Controlled settings optimize outcomes.
What is a placebo effect?;Improvement due to expectations rather than treatment.
Why are control groups important?;They isolate treatment effects.
What is a confounding variable?;A third variable influencing both cause and outcome.
Why can correlation not imply causation?;Because alternative explanations cannot be ruled out.