What is the defining feature of mood disorders?;Disturbances in mood such as depression or mania.
What are the two main categories of mood disorders?;Depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.
What characterizes a major depressive episode?;At least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest plus other symptoms.
What are the two core symptoms of depression?;Depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure.
What additional symptoms are required for depression diagnosis?;At least 5 total symptoms including sleep, appetite, energy, guilt, concentration, suicidality.
What is anhedonia?;Loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar disorders?;Unipolar involves only depression, bipolar includes mania/hypomania.
What defines a manic episode?;Abnormally elevated or irritable mood with increased activity for at least 1 week.
What symptoms characterize mania?;Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, risky behavior.
What is hypomania?;A milder form of mania without severe impairment.
What distinguishes mania from hypomania?;Severity and functional impairment.
What is bipolar I disorder?;At least one full manic episode.
What is bipolar II disorder?;At least one hypomanic episode and one depressive episode.
What is the prevalence pattern of depression by gender?;More common in women than men.
What is the typical course of depression?;Episodic with risk of recurrence.
What is a key risk after one depressive episode?;Increased likelihood of future episodes.
What is the stress generation hypothesis?;Depressed individuals contribute to the occurrence of stressful events.
What is the cognitive triad in depression?;Negative views about self, world, and future.
What are schemas in cognitive theory?;Stable negative beliefs that bias information processing.
What are cognitive distortions in depression?;Systematic errors in thinking (e.g., overgeneralization).
What is learned helplessness?;Belief that one has no control over outcomes.
What was revised in the learned helplessness model?;Inclusion of attributional style.
What is a depressive attributional style?;Internal, stable, global explanations for negative events.
What is rumination?;Repetitive focus on negative feelings and causes.
Why is rumination maladaptive?;It maintains and worsens depression.
What is behavioral activation theory?;Depression results from reduced positive reinforcement.
How does behavioral activation treat depression?;By increasing engagement in rewarding activities.
What is the role of serotonin in depression?;Implicated in mood regulation, though not a sole cause.
What is the monoamine hypothesis?;Depression is caused by low levels of neurotransmitters.
What is a limitation of the monoamine hypothesis?;It does not fully explain depression.
What is neuroplasticity’s role in depression?;Reduced plasticity may contribute to symptoms.
What is the HPA axis in depression?;Stress system often dysregulated in depression.
What is a diathesis-stress explanation of depression?;Vulnerability interacts with stress to produce disorder.
What is a common psychological treatment for depression?;Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
What is the goal of cognitive therapy in depression?;To modify negative thoughts and beliefs.
What is a common biological treatment for depression?;Antidepressant medication (e.g., SSRIs).
What is treatment-resistant depression?;Depression that does not respond to standard treatments.
What is ECT used for?;Severe or treatment-resistant depression.
What is a key risk factor for depression relapse?;Residual symptoms after recovery.
What is a protective factor against depression?;Social support.