What is diagnosis (narrow definition)?;Assigning a label or DSM classification.
What is diagnosis (broad definition)?;Label + personalized case conceptualization with causal explanation.
What is the DSM primarily used for?;Classification of psychological disorders.
What is a limitation of DSM diagnosis?;It does not explain causes of disorders.
Why do monothetic criteria sets create problems?;They lead to many false negatives.
What is a key consequence of DSM criteria structure?;Heterogeneity within disorders.
What is heterogeneity in diagnosis?;People with the same disorder can have very different symptoms.
Name one benefit of diagnostic classification.;Provides a common language.
Name one drawback of diagnostic classification.;Risk of stigma or overdiagnosis.
What is reification in diagnosis?;Treating diagnostic labels as real entities rather than constructs.
What are the steps in the scientific cycle?;Observation → Induction → Deduction → Testing → Evaluation.
What is induction?;Formulating theories based on observations.
What is deduction?;Deriving testable predictions from theories.
What is the key question in science according to Popper?;To prove or to disprove a theory.
What is a paradigm?;A framework for understanding causes of disorders.
Name key paradigms from the slides.;Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, experiential, genetics, neuroscience.
What are levels of description in psychopathology?;Different ways of explaining a disorder (e.g., biological, psychological, social).
What are the three core levels of description?;Biological, psychological, social.
What does the biological level include?;Brain, genes, neurochemistry.
What does the psychological level include?;Cognitions, emotions, behaviors.
What does the social level include?;Environment, relationships, culture.
What is the key insight of levels of description?;They are different perspectives, not competing explanations.
What is a common mistake regarding levels of description?;Treating them as mutually exclusive causes.
What is the basic diathesis-stress model?;Disorders arise from vulnerability interacting with stress.
What is a diathesis?;A predisposition (e.g., genetic, psychological).
What is stress in this model?;Environmental or situational triggers.
What does the elaborated diathesis-stress model include?;Multiple vulnerabilities, strengths, and environmental influences across time.
Name three components of vulnerability in the elaborated model.;Genotype, early experiences, personality/cognitions.
What are distal factors?;Past influences (e.g., early experiences).
What are proximal factors?;Current influences (e.g., current stress).
What role do protective factors play?;They increase resilience and reduce disorder risk.
Why is this model considered biopsychosocial?;It integrates biological, psychological, and social influences.
What is cognitive therapy?;A therapy that focuses on changing maladaptive thoughts.
What is the core assumption of cognitive therapy?;Thoughts influence emotions and behavior.
What are automatic thoughts?;Immediate interpretations of situations.
What are cognitive distortions?;Systematic errors in thinking.
How does cognitive therapy work?;By identifying and restructuring maladaptive thoughts.
What is client-centered therapy?;A therapy focusing on personal growth through a supportive relationship.
Who developed client-centered therapy?;Carl Rogers.
What three conditions must the therapist provide (Rogers)?;Empathy, authenticity, unconditional positive regard.
What is unconditional positive regard?;Accepting the client without judgment.
What causes distress in Rogers’ theory?;Incongruence between real self and ideal self.
What happens if conditions of worth are imposed?;The person develops an incongruent self-concept.
What is Gestalt therapy?;A therapy focusing on present-moment awareness and experience.
Who developed Gestalt therapy?;Fritz Perls.
What is the main focus of Gestalt therapy?;Awareness of the “here and now.”
What technique is commonly used in Gestalt therapy?;Empty chair technique.
How does Gestalt therapy differ from cognitive therapy?;Focuses on experience rather than thought restructuring.
What are examples of psychological treatments?;CBT, psychodynamic therapy, experiential therapy, system therapy.
What are examples of biological treatments?;Medication, ECT, DBS.
What is the Dodo Bird verdict?;Different therapies often have similar effectiveness.
What are common factors in therapy?;Shared elements like therapeutic relationship.
What is a key ethical principle in treatment?;Do no harm.
What is stepped care?;Starting with least intensive treatment and increasing if needed.
What question should always be asked about treatment?;Which system does it affect?
Why is it important to consider levels in treatment?;Interventions may act on different levels.
What is a placebo effect?;Improvement due to expectations.
What is an important research question about therapy?;How does the therapy actually produce change?