What disorders belong to obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?;OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder.
What defines an obsession?;Recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that cause distress.
What is the key response to obsessions?;Attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize them.
What defines a compulsion?;Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions or rigid rules.
What is the goal of compulsions?;To reduce anxiety or prevent feared events.
Why are compulsions considered irrational?;They are not realistically connected to the feared outcome or are excessive.
What is a diagnostic threshold for OCD?;Obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (>1 hour/day) or cause distress/impairment.
What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?;Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, compulsions are behaviors to reduce distress.
What types of obsessions are common?;Aggressive, sexual, religious.
What types of compulsions are common?;Cleaning, checking, ordering, protective rituals.
What is the key finding from Rachman & de Silva (1978)?;Intrusive thoughts in OCD are similar to those in non-clinical individuals.
What distinguishes OCD intrusions from normal intrusions?;Higher frequency, intensity, duration, distress, and urge to neutralize.
Why are intrusions not sufficient to explain OCD?;Intrusions are common in the general population.
What explains the development of obsessions in cognitive theory?;Maladaptive interpretations of normal intrusions.
What is emotional reasoning?;Assuming something is true because it feels true.
What is magical thinking?;Believing thoughts or actions can cause unrelated events.
What is dichotomous thinking in OCD?;Treating omission and commission as equally harmful.
What is thought-action fusion (TAF)?;Belief that thinking about something is equivalent to doing it or makes it more likely.
What is TAF-likelihood?;Belief that thinking increases probability of an event.
What is TAF-moral?;Belief that thinking is morally equivalent to acting.
What is the key mechanism in Salkovskis’ model of OCD?;Intrusions are misinterpreted, leading to anxiety and compulsions.
What is the difference between ego-dystonic and ego-syntonic thoughts?;Ego-dystonic are unwanted, ego-syntonic are consistent with beliefs.
Why is thought suppression ineffective?;It leads to increased frequency of the thought (rebound effect).
What is the white bear effect?;Trying not to think about something makes it more likely to occur.
What happens with repeated checking in OCD?;Memory distrust increases.
What is the neurotic paradox in OCD?;Compulsions reduce anxiety short-term but maintain disorder long-term.
Why do compulsions maintain OCD?;They prevent disconfirmation of feared outcomes.
What is the role of avoidance in OCD?;Prevents learning that feared outcomes do not occur.
What is Exposure with Response Prevention (ERP)?;Exposure to feared stimuli while preventing compulsive responses.
Why is ERP effective?;It allows learning that feared consequences do not occur.
What is the role of cognitive therapy in OCD?;To challenge maladaptive beliefs such as TAF.
What medication is commonly used for OCD?;SSRIs.
How does OCD medication differ from depression treatment?;Higher doses are typically required.
When is deep brain stimulation used in OCD?;In severe, treatment-resistant cases.
What is a key similarity between OCD patients and controls?;Both experience intrusive thoughts.
What is a key difference between OCD patients and controls?;OCD patients attach more significance to intrusions.
What maintains compulsive rituals over time?;Increasing frequency and habit formation.
What is the core explanation for OCD development?;Normal intrusions + maladaptive interpretation + neutralizing behavior.